Probably not a concern with 'bacteria'. Blood borne pathogens are usually viruses. If you use reasonable precautions there is no risk.
Never put hot water on blood stains, it will set them in.
For the sheets: soak in cold (or tepid/lukewarm) water with your usual laundry soap. If the duvet/duvet cover is washable, soak that also.
After they soak for a while, try to get the stain out by using pressure from a hose or shower sprayer directly on the area of fabric, scrub with the laundry soap and then soak some more.
If the sheets are white you can use diluted (make sure you dilute it!) bleach or full strength hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide takes blood out really well but will bleach the fabric also. Don't use hydrogen peroxide on the original stain, only on the trace of stain left after soaking and pressure washing. If you use it without pre-cleaning it will leave a faint rusty color.
For the mattress, if the stain is superficial and unsightly but not penetrating the materials, spot clean with cold water and a tiny bit of laundry or bar soap, then spot clean with hydrogen peroxide, then 'rinse' with small amounts of water again, then water and soap again, then hydrogen peroxide again until it looks OK. Put a fan or heater blower on it and get it as dry as you can. Then turn the mattress over for the next guest. If the next guest comes in before it is 100% dry you should turn it back over or prop it up and continue to dry it between guests.
Once it is completely clean and DRY put a new waterproof mattress protector on it.
Blood stains are probably not a reason to discard the mattress unless it is a huge area that is deeply soaked through. Worst case you could cut out the stained area, fill the defect with a piece of foam rubber cut to fit and turn the mattress over. If it is a pillow top, you might have to buy a new topper to add to the other side.
As you now know, you need waterproof protection on your mattress. If you get a bedbug proof zippered cover you are protecting for that reason also. Get zipper covers for the pillows too.
Our mattress has 1) waterproof zippered cover 2) thick quilted fitted cover 3) thin 'waterproof' terrycloth cover 4) sheets. We wash sheets for each guest, and the thin waterproof if there is any hint of a stain or every third guest or so. We only wash the thick quilted and the waterproof zippered covers if there is an 'incident.'