@Kristyn22 Notice the first sentence in the link @Emiel1 shared above: "Host-required security deposits are different from other security deposits in that no authorization hold is placed. " English Translation: there is no security deposit for you to claim on.
You may, of course, use the Resolutions feature to request that your guest pay the $500 fine that your listing specified, but if they decline to do so, you're pretty much out of luck. In most cases, Airbnb does not enforce penalty fines on behalf of hosts, even if they are embedded in the House Rules. It's frustrating, and I don't agree with it as a business practice, but this is what we have to work with. A damage claim is likeliest to be effective if it is limited to physical damage that can be backed up with receipts (ideally for both the original item and the replacement). Vomit, smoke, and underage drinking do not have any cash value from an adjuster's perspective, but if you had to enlist specialized cleaning as a result of the guests' actions you can try adding the invoice for that to your claim.