@Jon2567 The Airbnb Guarantee is not insurance and as you say has many exceptions, that's why as hosts we should always have our own home insurance for STRs to cover the many areas Airbnb's guarantee doesn't.
Unfortunately if you didn't collect your guests details, then you will need to see if you can track them down online. I am not sure if your small claims court will allow you to make a claim if you have already had one settled by Airbnb but you can check.
If you don't already have specialist home insurance I would say this is an essential.
Best of luck.