Airbnb reviews are certainly public and if you google the title of your listing, it should turn up in first place if your title is somewhat unique, if it's something very generic like "nice big apartment" it will be somewhere in an endless list of "nice big apartment"s. The entire world can see this, so the question is, is there anything unique in your listing that they would be able to search by?
The public listing does not contain your address in written form unless you write it. So they won't be able to search by address as far as I know.
If you deactivate your listing google will eventually stop showing it in search results, but it will still be stored in internet archives or Google's own internet cache pages.