Neither party is required to submit a review, so some guests (and hosts) just don't bother. I don't like that either, but it actually makes sense in some ways. For instance, if you had a REALLY crappy guest and you left them a damning review, but they (thinking they were being clever) left you no review, wouldn't you still want your damning review to appear anyway?
If you left your guest a positive review but later discovered some problem, that suggests that perhaps you should've either performed a better inspection (which is the FIRST thing we do) or you should've delayed your review. (You've got a wide window for the review.)
Your actual issue seems more about AirBnB's 48-hour security deposit claim policy than the review policy. I, too, have a bit of a beef with that short 48-hour deadline. But it is what it is for now. I don't mean to sound callous, but I would take this incident as a "learning opportunity". Make copious notes and react differently in the future. Also, spend more time reading in the forums and in AirBnB's help system so that you're more aware of the various pitfalls and options.
Good luck!